The coverings or upper parts of bui

The coverings or upper parts of buildings constructed over to keep out rain and wind and to preserve the interior from exposure to the weather, are called roofs. These should tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the construction.

Every building must be beautiful in appearance and proportional in various parts. The interior should be planned to suit the requirements of the occupants while the exterior must be simple without any excesses.

Any building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation and heating system.

Getting water into the house is called plumbing. The plumbers have also to get the water out after it has been used. The first part of this problem is called water supply and the second one is called drainage or sewerage.



II

Almost everybody saw the construction of a building and followed its progress with interest. First the excavation is dug for a basement, then the foundation walls below ground level are constructed; after this the framework is erected and clothed with various finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint.

The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework. It is intended for safety carrying the loads imposed. The floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the building must be carefully designed proportioned.

The architect or designer must decide, what the size of the walls, the floors, the beams, the girders and the parts, which make up the framework, will be and how they will be placed and arranged.

Here are the main parts of a building and their functions.

Foundations serve to keep the walls and floors from contact with the soil, to guard them against the action of frost, to prevent them from sinking and settling which cause cracks in walls and uneven floors.

Floors divide the building into stories. They may be either of timber or may be constructed of a fire-resisting material. Walls are built to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials.

Roofs cover the building and protect it from exposure to the weather. They tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the structure.



III

Turnkey construction is the type of assistance in building different facilities. In this case the employer engages the contractor to design, manufacture, test, deliver, install, complete and commission a certain project and the contractor undertakes full responsibility for the project construction and commissioning.

The contractor then undertakes endeavors to conduct a survey and design work, as well as to work out basic and detailed engineering* and supply equipment. As a rule, the contractor’s highly qualified specialists are made responsible for doing part or full construction works, carrying out installation, start up and adjustment operations*.

After the construction is completed the precommissioning starts, that is tasting, checking and meeting other requirements, which are specified in the technical handbooks.

As soon as all works is respect of the precommissioning are completed and the projects is ready for the precommissioning, the contractor notifies the engineer (Project manager) with the message. The contractor begins the commissioning immediately after the engineer does the issue of the Completion Certificate.

The contractor carries out the guarantee test during the commissioning to make sure that the project will rich the designed performance.

Operational acceptance of the project takes place when the guarantee test has been successfully completed and the guarantees met. As a rule the contractor supplies spare parts so that the project could normally operate during the maintenance guarantee period.

Turnkey contracts are always long-term undertakings involving several parties, among them foreign and local subcontractors. They are usually won as a result of tenders where the bidders compete for the contract on the terms most favourable for the customer.

Результаты (украинский) 1:

Покриття або верхній частині будівлі, побудовані за герметично дощу і вітру і зберегти інтер'єр від впливу погоди, називаються дахів. Ці слід зв'язати стіни і дати міцність і стійкість до будівництва.Кожен будинок має бути гарний зовнішній вигляд і пропорційний в різних частинах. Інтер'єр потрібно планувати для задоволення потреб з пасажирів, хоча зовнішності повинні бути простими, без особливих ексцесів.Будь-якому будинку повинні бути надані з води, електрики, вентиляції та систему опалення.Попадання води в будинку називається сантехніка. З сантехніків повинен також вийти воду після того, як вона використовується. У першій частині цієї проблеми називається водопостачання і другий називається дренажу або водовідведення. IIМайже всі побачили Будівництво будівлі а його прогресу з інтересом. Перші розкопки вирили за підвалі, то будуються цоколю нижче рівня землі; Після цього рамках зведений і одягнений з різних оздоблювальних матеріалів і охороняються кілька шарів фарби.Частина, на яких залежить від стабільності структури є рамках. Вона призначена для забезпечення безпеки, що перевозять вантажі, введені. Підлоги, стіни, дахів та інших частинах будівлі повинні бути ретельно розроблені пропорціями.Архітектор або дизайнером повинні самі вирішувати, що розмір стіни, підлоги, балки, перекладин і частин, які складають рамках, буде і як вони будуть розміщені і організовані.Here are the main parts of a building and their functions.Foundations serve to keep the walls and floors from contact with the soil, to guard them against the action of frost, to prevent them from sinking and settling which cause cracks in walls and uneven floors.Floors divide the building into stories. They may be either of timber or may be constructed of a fire-resisting material. Walls are built to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials.Roofs cover the building and protect it from exposure to the weather. They tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the structure. IIITurnkey construction is the type of assistance in building different facilities. In this case the employer engages the contractor to design, manufacture, test, deliver, install, complete and commission a certain project and the contractor undertakes full responsibility for the project construction and commissioning.The contractor then undertakes endeavors to conduct a survey and design work, as well as to work out basic and detailed engineering* and supply equipment. As a rule, the contractor’s highly qualified specialists are made responsible for doing part or full construction works, carrying out installation, start up and adjustment operations*.After the construction is completed the precommissioning starts, that is tasting, checking and meeting other requirements, which are specified in the technical handbooks.As soon as all works is respect of the precommissioning are completed and the projects is ready for the precommissioning, the contractor notifies the engineer (Project manager) with the message. The contractor begins the commissioning immediately after the engineer does the issue of the Completion Certificate.The contractor carries out the guarantee test during the commissioning to make sure that the project will rich the designed performance.Operational acceptance of the project takes place when the guarantee test has been successfully completed and the guarantees met. As a rule the contractor supplies spare parts so that the project could normally operate during the maintenance guarantee period.Turnkey contracts are always long-term undertakings involving several parties, among them foreign and local subcontractors. They are usually won as a result of tenders where the bidders compete for the contract on the terms most favourable for the customer.

Результаты (украинский) 3:

На 20% покриття%20або%20верхнього%20частини%20з 20% будинків%20будується%20над%20до 20% тримати%20з 20%дощ%20а%20вітер%20а%20до 20% збереження%20в%20внутрішніх%20від 20% експозиції%20до 20% у 20% погоду,%20є%20назвав%20покрівель.%20ці%20повинні%20краватка%20в%20стін%20а%20дають%20міцність%20а%20стійкість%20до 20% у 20% будівництва.%5Е%5 EEvery%20будівлі%20повинні%20бути%20красиві%20в 20-20%вигляд і 20%20пропорційна%20в 20-20%різних частин 20.%20В%20внутрішніх%20повинні%20бути%20планується%20до 20% відповідно%20в%20вимоги%20з 20% до 20% мешканців%20а%20в%20зовнішнього%20повинні%20бути%20прості%20без%20будь-%20надмірностей.%5Е%5 EAny%20будівлі%20повинні%20бути%20надав%20з%20воду,%20електрики,%20вентиляції%20а%20опалення%20системи.%5Е%5 EGetting%20води%20в 20-20-20, 20 будинку%20є%20назвав%20сантехніка.%20В%20сантехніків%20мають%20й%20до 20% отримують%20в%20води%20з 20%після%20його%20має%20б%20.%20В%20перших%20участь%20з 20% цього%20проблема%20є%20назвав%20води%20постачання%20а%20в%20другого%20один%20є%20назвав%20дренаж%20або%20каналізація.%5Е%5Е%20%5Е%5 EII%5Е%5 EAlmost%20всім%20побачив%20в%20будівництво%20з%20а%20будівлі%20а%20слідом%20її%20прогрес%20з%20 відсотків.%20перших%20в%20земляних%20є%20копали%20для%20а%20підвал,%20потім%20в%20фонд%20стін%20нижче%20землі%20рівень%20є%20конструкції;%