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The human body is obviously separable into the head, the trunk and the limbs. In the head, the brain-case or skull is distinguishable from the face. The trunk includes the chest or thorax, and the abdomen. Of the limbs there are two pairs - the upper, or arms, and the lower, or legs; and the legs and arms again are separable into several parts - the thigh, the leg and the toes in the lower limb and the upper arm, the forearm, the wrist and the fingers in the upper limb.
The whole body, is bilaterally symmetrical. There are special bones in the trunk which are bound (связаны) together by a very strong and tough substance into a long column, which lies nearer the dorsal (or back) than ventral (or front) part of the body The bones are called (называются) the vertebrae. They separate a long narrow canal, the spinal canal, which lies upon the dorsal side.
The spinal canal contains a long white cord - the spinal cord - which is an important part of the nervous system. The diaphragm divides the ventral chamber into two cavities - the thorax and abdomen. The alimentary canal transverses these cavities from one end to the other and pierces the diaphragm. In the abdomen there are also two kidneys, which lie against each side of the vertebral column, the ureters, the bladder, the liver, the pancreas and the spleen. The thorax encloses the heart and two lungs. The latter lie one on each side of the heart.
The dorsal chamber, or cavity of the skull, opens into the spinal canal. It contains the brain, which is continuous with the spinal cord. The brain and the spinal cord together constitute the cerebrospinal system. The ventral chamber, or cavity of the face encloses mouth and pharynx, into which the upper end of the alimentary canal (gullet or oesophagus) opens.
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