The well is a hole drilled in the e

The well is a hole drilled in the earth for the purpose of finding or producing crude oil or natural
gas; or providing services related to the production of crude oil or natural gas. Also, an oil
well can be described as a pipeline reaching from the top of the ground to the oil producing
formation. Through this pipe, oil and gas are brought to the surface. Wells are normally drilled with
a drilling rig in stages, starting with a surface hole drilled to reach a depth anywhere from 60 to 400
meters.
The drillers then pull out the drill string and insert steel pipe, called surface casing, which is cemented
in place to keep the wall from caving in. The casing – tubular steel pipe connected by threads and
couplings-lines the total length of the well borel to ensure safe control of production and to prevent
water entering the wellbore and to keep the rock formations from “sloughing” into the wellbore. The
second step is the installation of the production tubing. Tubing is a steel pipe smaller in diameter than
the production casing. It is lowered into the casing and held in place by packers which also isolate
the production layers of rock.
Tubing
The tubing hangs from a surface installation called the wellhead. The wellhead includes valves,
chokes and pressure gages and makes it possible to regulate production from the well. The third
step is to perforate the well. The casing prevents the hole from collapsing, but it also prevents the
oil or gas from entering the wellbore. Therefore, holes are made through the casing and into the
formation. This is usually accomplished with an explosive device that is lowered into the well on an
electrical wireline to the required depth. This device, a collection of explosive charges, is called a
perforating gun2.
Producing oil and gas from the well. Gas generally flows to the wellbore under its own pressure.
As a result, most gas wells are equipped only with chokes and valves to control the flow through
the wellhead into a pipeline. When the wellhead pressure is less than the pipeline pressure, a
compressor is installed to boost the low-pressure gas into the pipeline.
The production of crude oil is more complicated. Crude oil has larger molecules and moves through
rocks less easily. The percentage of the oil in the reservoir that can be produced naturally, called
the recovery factor, is determined by a large number of elements. These include the density of the
oil, the viscosity, the porosity and permeability of the rock, the pressure in the oil reservoir and the
pressure of other fluids such as gas and water in the reservoir.
Pumping. While some oil wells contain enough pressure to push oil to the surface, most oil wells
drilled today require pumping. This is also known as artificial lift. If a well requires it, a pump is lowered
down the tubing to the bottom of the well on a string of steel rods, referred to as the rod string.
The rod string conveys power to the pump either by rotating or moving up and down, depending on
the type of pump employed. Submersible pumps3are used on some wells.
Well stimulation. In many oil and gas wells, one additional step is required- stimulating the formation
by physical or chemical means so that the hydrocarbons can move more easily to the wellbore
through the pores or fractures in the reservoir. This is usually done before installing a pump or when
the pump is removed for maintenance.
One form of stimulation- acidizing is the injection of acids under pressure into the rock formation
through the production tubing and perforations. This creates channels beyond the perforations for
oil and gas to flow back to the well. Fracturing or fracing is another common method of stimulation.
A fluid such as water or an oil product is pumped down the hole under sufficient pressure to create
cracks (fractures) in the formation.
Proppant- a hard substance such as sand, ceramics or resin-coated material - in injected with the
fluid. As the fluid disperses, the material remains to prop open the fracture.

Результаты (русский) 1:

Это отверстие в земле с целью поиска или производства сырой нефти или природногогаз; или предоставление услуг, связанных с производством сырой нефти или природного газа. Кроме того маслоНу, может быть охарактеризована как трубопровод, достигая от верхней части земли для производителей нефтиобразование. Через эту трубу нефть и газ были привлечены к поверхности. Обычно пробурено скважин сбуровой установки поэтапно, начиная с поверхности отверстия просверлил чтобы достичь глубины везде от 60 до 400метров.Бурильщики затем вытащить из бурильной и вставить стальную трубу, называется поверхность корпуса, которая является цементированов месте, чтобы держать стены от обрушения. Корпус – трубчатые стальные трубы, связанные с потоками иМуфты соединительные линии Общая длина хорошо Бореля для обеспечения безопасного контроля производства и предотвращенияпопадание скважине воды и держать скал от «трещины» в скважине. ВВторым этапом является установка производства труб. Трубка является стальной трубы меньшего диаметра, чемкорпус производства. Опускаем в корпусе и удерживается на месте упаковщиков, которые также изолироватьслои производства породы.ТрубкиТрубка висит от поверхности установки называется устья скважины. Устьевые включает в себя клапаны,Дроссельные катушки датчиков давления и дает возможность регулировать производство из скважины. Третийшаг — перфорировать колодец. Корпус предотвращает отверстие от рушится, но также предотвращаетoil or gas from entering the wellbore. Therefore, holes are made through the casing and into theformation. This is usually accomplished with an explosive device that is lowered into the well on anelectrical wireline to the required depth. This device, a collection of explosive charges, is called aperforating gun2.Producing oil and gas from the well. Gas generally flows to the wellbore under its own pressure.As a result, most gas wells are equipped only with chokes and valves to control the flow throughthe wellhead into a pipeline. When the wellhead pressure is less than the pipeline pressure, acompressor is installed to boost the low-pressure gas into the pipeline.The production of crude oil is more complicated. Crude oil has larger molecules and moves throughrocks less easily. The percentage of the oil in the reservoir that can be produced naturally, calledthe recovery factor, is determined by a large number of elements. These include the density of theoil, the viscosity, the porosity and permeability of the rock, the pressure in the oil reservoir and thepressure of other fluids such as gas and water in the reservoir.Pumping. While some oil wells contain enough pressure to push oil to the surface, most oil wellsdrilled today require pumping. This is also known as artificial lift. If a well requires it, a pump is lowereddown the tubing to the bottom of the well on a string of steel rods, referred to as the rod string.Строка стержня передает мощность насоса либо путем поворота или перемещения вверх и вниз, в зависимости оттип насоса работает. Погружной pumps3are используется на некоторых скважинах.Возбуждение скважин. В многих нефтяных и газовых скважин один дополнительный шаг требуется-стимулирование формированияфизических или химических средствами так, что углеводороды могут более легко перемещаться к скважинечерез поры или трещин в пласте. Обычно это делается перед установкой насоса или когданасос удаляется для обслуживания.Одной из форм стимуляции - СКО-инъекция кислот под давлением в скальное образованиес помощью производства труб и перфорацией. Это создает каналы за пределами перфорационных отверстий дляНефть и газ обратно в колодец. Торпеды или гидроразрыва является еще одним распространенным методом стимуляции.Перекачиваемой жидкости, как вода или нефтепродуктов вниз отверстие под достаточным давлением, чтобы создатьтрещины (переломы) в образовании.Проппанта-твердое вещество таких как песок, керамика или смолы покрытием материал - в вводили сжидкость. Как жидкость рассыпается, материал остается опорой открыть перелом.