2) History of the Building Industry

2) History of the Building Industry
In early times there were few specialist builders. People constructed their homes from whatever material was available where they lived. The only large buildings were communal ones such as granaries and places of worship for their gods. In ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, large buildings were financed by the rulers of the country and built by slaves who had been captured in battle. Stone was used if it was available and where it was not, brick-making industry developed. After the end of the Roman Empire in the 4th century AD there was very little large-scale building done in Europe for about six hundred years. There were two kinds of buildings other than cottages and farm buildings: castles and churches. Building a cathedral was such a vast undertaking that someone was required to organize all the craftsmen needed for the work. This was usually a master stonemason. At the time of the Renaissance in the 15th and 16th centuries a new sort of building specialist emerged. He was usually a philos-opher or artist, rather than a craftsman, who would get together a team of building workers and make arrangements to pay them. This was the beginning of the profession of architecture. The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century brought to an end the craft traditions in building. Many new functional buildings were put up in the big towns that were developing —buildings that were not planned to be beautiful but were there to house machinery and the workers who operated it. They had to be built quickly and cheaply. The building materials were brought across the country on the new canals and railways that were quickly constructed to get the raw materials for industry and the finished products to the places where they were needed. When the railways were built, tunnels were dug, and bridges, aqueducts, and roads were built.

Результаты (русский) 1:

2) История строительной индустрии In early times there were few specialist builders. People constructed their homes from whatever material was available where they lived. The only large buildings were communal ones such as granaries and places of worship for their gods. In ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, large buildings were financed by the rulers of the country and built by slaves who had been captured in battle. Stone was used if it was available and where it was not, brick-making industry developed. After the end of the Roman Empire in the 4th century AD there was very little large-scale building done in Europe for about six hundred years. There were two kinds of buildings other than cottages and farm buildings: castles and churches. Building a cathedral was such a vast undertaking that someone was required to organize all the craftsmen needed for the work. This was usually a master stonemason. At the time of the Renaissance in the 15th and 16th centuries a new sort of building specialist emerged. He was usually a philos-opher or artist, rather than a craftsman, who would get together a team of building workers and make arrangements to pay them. This was the beginning of the profession of architecture. The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century brought to an end the craft traditions in building. Many new functional buildings were put up in the big towns that were developing —buildings that were not planned to be beautiful but were there to house machinery and the workers who operated it. They had to be built quickly and cheaply. The building materials were brought across the country on the new canals and railways that were quickly constructed to get the raw materials for industry and the finished products to the places where they were needed. When the railways were built, tunnels were dug, and bridges, aqueducts, and roads were built.

Результаты (русский) 2:

2) История строительной индустрии
В прежние времена было мало специалистов строителей. Люди построили свои дома из любого материала доступна, где они жили. Единственные большие здания были коммунальные те, такие как зернохранилища и мест поклонения для своих богов. В древнем Египте, Греции и Риме, большие здания были профинансированы правителей страны и построен рабов, которые были захвачены в бою. Камень был использован, если он был доступен и где его не было, кирпич решений промышленность развивалась. После окончания Римской империи в 4 веке нашей эры было очень мало крупномасштабное строительство сделано в Европе в течение примерно шести сотен лет. Были два вида отличных коттеджей и хозяйственных построек зданий: замков и церквей. Построение собор был такой огромный предприятие, которое кто-то обязательно организовать все мастеров, необходимые для работы. Это, как правило, мастер каменщик. В эпоху Возрождения в 15-ом и 16-м веках новый вид специалиста строительной появились. Он был, как правило, философских-Офер или исполнителя, а не ремесленник, который хотел бы получить вместе команда строителей и принять меры для их оплаты. Это было началом архитектурной профессии. Промышленная революция в 19 веке был положен конец ремесленных традиций в строительстве. Многие новые функциональные здания были расфасованы в крупных городах, являющихся развивающимися -buildings что не были запланированы, чтобы быть красивой, но были там для размещения техники и рабочих, которые действовали его. Они должны были быть построены быстро и дешево. Строительные материалы были доставлены по всей стране на новых каналов и железных дорог, которые были быстро построены, чтобы получить сырье для промышленности и готовой продукции к местам, где они необходимы. Когда были построены железные дороги, тоннели были вырыты, и были построены мосты, акведуки и дороги.