THE FIRST CALCULATING DEVICES
Let us take a look at the history of computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man's hands. This, in fact, is why today; we still count in tens and multiples of tens.
Then the abacus was invented. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16th century, and it is still being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read.
During the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J.Napier, a Scotsman, invented a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which ,is now the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier's ideas to produce logarithm tables which all mathematicians use today.
Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaak Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people's experiments.
In 1830 Charles Babbage, a gifted English mathematician, proposed. to build a general-purpose problem-solving machine that he called "the analytical engine". This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, except for providing the machine with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved. He never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the basis for building today's computers.
Bу the early part of the twentieth century electromechanical machines had been developed and were used for business data processing. Dr. Herman Hollerith, a young statistician from the US Census Bureau successfully tabulated the 1890 census. Hollerith invented a means of coding the data by punching holes into cards. Hе built one machine to punch the holes and others to tabulate the collected data. Later Hollerith left the Census Bureau and established his own tabulating machine соmрапу. Through a series of merges the company eventually became the IBM Corporation.
Until the middle of the twentieth century machines designed to manipulate punched card data were widely used for business data processing. These early electromechanical data processors were called unit record machines because each punched card contained a unit of data.
In the mid - 1940s electronic computers were developed to perform calculations for military and scientific purposes. Вy the end of the 1960s commercial models of these computers were widely used for both scientific computation and business data processing. Initially these computers accepted their input data from punched cards. Вy the late 1970s punched cards had been almost universally replaced by keyboard terminals. Since that time advances in science have led to the proliferation of com¬puters throughout our society, and the past is but the prologue that gives us a glimpse of the future.
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PRIMA referentem DEVICES
Sumamus at risus ut hodie historia. Primus callida arte usus est decem digiti manus hominis. Hoc quidem est quod hodie adhuc arbitror ad plures myriades, et multiplicati decanos.
Et secundum extremi abaci quadram inventa. Exierunt adhibito aliquo bene in abaco 16th century et adhuc in partibus mundi potest intelligi sine eo quod sciant legere.
18 et 17. In multis saeculis invenire tentassem modis facilibus de colligendis. J.Napier, Scotus excogitatas multiplicandi dividit mechanico modo quo dictum est regula huius operis. D. Henrici Briggii usus Napier ideas producere Logarithmus tabulæ quas omnes mathematici utuntur in præsentem diem.
Calculus, calamo altero Mathematicis utentes rationibus, inventa esset independenter ab utroque Sir Isaac Newton, Anglus, et Leibnitzius, a German mathematicus. Primum realis ratiocinantium apparuit in MDCCCXX machina ex pluribus experi- mentis.
In MDCCCXXX Charles Babbage, donatur a English mathematician, proposita. generatim machina qui aedificare-propositum problema solvendum appellavit "analytica engine". Machina, quae ostendit secus Babbage Paris Exhibition in MDCCCLV, humanam penitus excidere conatus esset, nisi de rebus necessariis providendo Quaestio apparatus. Numquam Expleto itaque hoc opere, sed in aedificationem ex multis ideae hodierno computers.
XX electromechanical bу prima progressio utebantur machinis fuerat data negotium processus. Dr. Herman Hollerith, claro decoroque iuveni statistician a US Census hendrerit feliciter tabulati in MDCCCXC census. Hollerith inventa medium coding notitia per foramina in placebat ei pulsare cards. Hе ædificavit una machina ad pertundam foramina et aliis tabulate collecta data. Postea Hollerith reliquit Census Bureau et suum constituit tabulating соmрапу apparatus. Aliquando autem per ordinem societatis Merges IBM Corporation.
Donec saeculi vicensimi medio late machinas manipulare impugnamur card data sunt data negotium processus. Haec diluculo electromechanical data processors vocati unitas record machinas quia utrumque continetur impugnamur a card of unit data.
In medio - 1940s electronic computers peruenerint ad calculos et ad rem militarem exemplo scientific cogitatio. Вy finem 1960s commercial exempla horum computers palatos adsuesco assuesco pro utriusque ratio et scientia data negotium processus. Initio haec computers acceptabant eorum input notitia ex impugnamur cards. Вy nuper 1970s impugnamur cards consumptas paene universaliter reponi per keyboard terminales. Ventumque ad profectum scientiae ex eo tempore per propagationem com¬puters societate et praeteritum est et futurum prologo galeato nobis ad dispiciendum reliquerunt.
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